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民事诉中财产保全方式

概述

民事保全是人民法院在诉讼过程中为保障债权人的合法权益，依法采取强制措施，防止债务人处分财产、逃避债务的行为。财产保全最重要的意义在于及时、有效地保护债权人的合法权益，防止因债务人的不当行为而导致胜诉判决无法执行，从而维护司法公信力和保障社会经济秩序的稳定。

财产保全的种类

按照保全的目的和性质，民事保全可分为以下四种类型：

诉前保全：诉讼正式开始前，由债权人向人民法院申请采取的保全措施，主要目的是防止债务人转移、隐匿或处分财产，以保障日后胜诉判决的执行。 诉中保全：在诉讼过程中，由原告向人民法院申请采取的保全措施，主要目的是防止债务人隐匿或转移诉讼标的物，保障胜诉判决的执行。 执行前保全：申请执行生效法律文书前，由申请执行人向人民法院申请采取的保全措施，主要目的是防止被执行人转移、隐匿或处分财产，保障执行的顺利进行。 执行中保全：在执行过程中，由申请执行人或执行法院采取的保全措施，主要目的是防止被执行人阻碍或妨碍执行，保障执行的顺利进行。

民事诉讼财产保全的方式

按照财产保全措施涉及的财产不同，民事诉讼财产保全的方式可以分为：

查封：指法院将债务人的动产或不动产予以标记，禁止债务人处分已经查封的财产。 扣押：指法院将债务人的动产扣押并代为管理，防止债务人处分该动产。 冻结：指法院对债务人的银行存款、债券等特定财产予以冻结，防止债务人提取或处分该财产。 禁止处分：指法院禁止债务人处分特定的财产，但债务人仍可管理、使用该财产。 责令提供担保：指法院责令债务人提供财产或者其他形式的担保，以保证债务人履行生效裁判文书义务。

财产保全的适用范围

对可能有转移、隐匿、销毁或者变卖财产的行为，有证据证明的； 对已保全的财产有证据证明不符合人民法院执行标准的； 可能因当事人擅自处分财产，使执行标的物的价值明显下降或者丧失的； 被申请执行人因转移、隐匿、销毁或者变卖财产行为，使原申请执行人合法权益无法实现的。

申请财产保全的程序和条件

申请保全的程序：

由权利人向人民法院提出申请并提交相关证据材料； 人民法院审查申请材料，符合条件的予以裁定准许，不符合条件的予以驳回； 人民法院颁发协助执行通知书，委托执行法院协助保全； 执行法院依法执行保全决定。

申请财产保全的条件：

申请人有民事实体权利，且有证据证明有履行生效裁判文书义务能力的； 有产生对执行带来损害的紧急情况； 有证据证明申请执行人有损害保障行为或者实体利益具有不能逆转的损害的；

Property Preservation in Civil Litigation: A Comprehensive Guide

**Introduction** Property preservation in civil litigation plays a pivotal role in protecting the legitimate rights of creditors. By adopting coercive measures, courts can effectively deter debtors from disposing of or concealing their assets, ensuring that judgments can be enforced.  **Types of Property Preservation** Preservation measures can be categorized based on their purpose and nature:  * **Preservation before Litigation:** Implemented before the commencement of a lawsuit, these measures prevent debtors from transferring, hiding, or disposing of assets, thus safeguarding the enforceability of any future favorable judgments. * **Preservation during Litigation:** Initiated during the legal proceedings, these measures prevent debtors from concealing or transferring the subject matter of the lawsuit, ensuring the enforceability of judgments. * **Preservation before Enforcement:** Requested before the enforcement of a valid legal document, these measures aim to prevent debtors from transferring, concealing, or disposing of assets, facilitating a smooth enforcement process. * **Preservation during Enforcement:** Implemented during the enforcement stage, these measures prevent debtors from obstructing or hindering the enforcement process. **Methods of Property Preservation** Based on the type of property involved, preservation methods include: * **Attachment:** The court places a mark on the debtor's movable or immovable property, prohibiting its disposal. * **Impoundment:** The court seizes the debtor's movable property and takes custody to prevent its disposal. * **Freeze:** The court freezes the debtor's bank accounts, bonds, or other assets, preventing their withdrawal or disposal. * **Prohibition on Disposal:** The court orders the debtor not to dispose of specific assets, although they may still manage and use them. * **Obligation to Provide Security:** The court requires the debtor to provide a guarantee or other form of security to ensure compliance with the effective judgment document. **Applicability of Property Preservation** Preservation measures are applicable in the following situations: * Evidence suggests that there is a risk of the debtor transferring, concealing, destroying, or selling assets. * Existing preserved assets have been proven to fall short of the court's enforcement criteria. * The debtor's unauthorized disposal of assets could significantly diminish or eliminate the value of the enforcement target. * The debtor's actions have resulted in the applicant's legitimate rights being violated due to the transfer, concealment, destruction, or sale of assets. **Application Procedure and Conditions** **Application Procedure:** 1. The claimant files an application with the court, providing relevant evidence. 2. The court reviews the application; if the conditions are met, it issues an approval order; otherwise, it rejects the application. 3. The court issues an assistance execution notice, authorizing the execution court to assist with preservation. 4. The execution court enforces the preservation decision. **Application Conditions:** 1. The applicant has a substantive right and evidence that the debtor has the capacity to fulfill the effective judgment document. 2. There is an urgent situation that could result in harm to the enforcement process. 3. Evidence shows that the applicant's rights or substantial interests could suffer irreparable damage.